Buckling

The critical load at which buckling will occur in a slender column was defined by Euler as follows:

F = \frac{π^{2} E I}{(K L)^{2}}

where:

$F$	is the critical force at which buckling will occur (N);
$E$	is the modulus of elasticity of the material (Pa);
$I$	is the column's second moment of area (m⁴);
$L$	is the length of the column (m);
$K$	is the effective column length factor: $= 1.0$ for both ends pinned, $= 0.5$ for both ends fixed, $= 0.6 ˙ 9$ for one end fixed, one end pinned, $= 2.0$ for one end fixed the other free to move.